Kingdom of Mapungubwe

• abstract: The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (1075–1220) was a pre-colonial state in Southern Africa located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers (), south of Great Zimbabwe.Hall, page 35 The kingdom was the first stage in a development that would culminate in the creation of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe in the 13th century,Hrbek, page 373 and with gold trading links to Rhapta and Kilwa Kisiwani on the African east coast.

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